Human Development Report:
The first Global Human Development Report was launched in 1990 by the UNDP and has been prepared annually since then. Each year, HDRS address a theme development issues and challenges. In many countries HDRS have become an essential tool for national and national policy making.
So far, around 700 regional and national, sub-national reports have been prepared in over 188 countries, and all address various highly relevant to the current development debate. They provide regional, national, and sub-national specifie translated into more than a dozen languages, and are launched in more than 100 countries. Various Posts and Blogs are available in internet for further information.
Global HDRS, Regional,National and sub-National Reports:
These reports are regionally and nationally and sub- nationally owned, and take the human development approach to the regional and country level. At the regional level, human development is put into a regional context, and provides policy advice and promotes partnerships for tackling the HD themes of highest relevance and exigency in the region.
At the national and sub-national level, the multi-stakeholder approach in preparing the HDRs has contributed to sensitisation of governments at different levels, civil society, academia, and the public on the human approaches to tackle the current development chal lenges of poverty reduction, education, health and HIV/AIDS, human rights and gender, environment and effects of climate change, economic reform, and globalisation India’s HDI (Human Development Index) has improved significantly over the years between 1990 and 2017.
The country’s HDI value increased from 0.427 to 0.640, but its position is still lowest among its peer countries (Asian and Developing economics). As per the UNDP Human Development Index (HDI), Report 2020, India is ranked 131 among 189 countries.
Moreover, India also reflects inter-state disparities in regional and human development which are reflected by state level HDIs. The subnational Human Development Index (SHDI) for different states for the period 1990 and 2017,
Work towards reforms in the global system Implement the Sustainable Development Goals and other global agrements Human development for everyone-a live- paint action agenda.Reports released by UNDP show that all states have shown significant improvement in levels of human develop in a country diverge or when the disparity between their ment.
The minumum SHDI for year 2017 is more than maximum SHDI for year 1990 across all states. The 2017 HDI scores indicate that the states like Kerala, Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab occupy
falls when the achievement levels of both women and men achievements increases. The greater the gender disparity, the lower a country’s GDI.
The GDI is simply the HDI discounted, or adjusted downwards, for gender inequality. The GEM measures women’s empowerment in public life the top four positions while the states like Bihar, through assessing the share of seats in parliament held by Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are at the bottom of the rankings.
The states which were the worst-per-women, of female legislators, senior officials and man- agers, of female professional and technical workers, and forming ones in HDI during 1990s are presently doing gender disparities in earned income, reflecting economic well in the Social parameters.
The region-wise trend of independence. While GDI focuses on expansion of capabil- HDI scores suggests the most Southern and Northern states have performed much better as compared to their eastern counter parts who have registered poor performance in SHDIs.
Human Development Measurements:
Five indices are used by the Human Development Reports to measure progress on human development. Efforts have been made to refine measures of human development and Gender-related development index (GDI) Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Gender Inequality Index (GII), Human poverty Index (HPI) and Multi poverty Index (MPI) have been developed in subsequent Human devel- opment Reports of UNDP.
The first Human Development Report in 1990 introduced a new way of measuring development by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income into a composite human development index, the HDI. The components are measured by four variables: GDP per capita, (PPP USD), literary rates (%), combined gross enrollment ratio, (%) and life expectancy at birth (years).
The composite index results in a figure between and 1, of which 1 indicates high level of human development and 0 being no level of human development. Countries are consequently given a specific rank dependent on their success in achieving HD, presented yearly in the Global HDRS.
In 1995, the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) were added to the reports, as a response to the criticism that HDI did not capture gender inequalities. The GDI measures the same variables as the HDI, but calculates the components separately for women. The methodology used imposes a penalty for inequality, such that the GDI
The 200 asperts like Avalibility of purified drink- ing water, availability of health resoures, political entries, inequalities in between Male and female, Gender related Development index, Literay Index, and Human Poverty index etc. were seen in Human Development index.
The Gender Related Development Index (GDI): While the measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequali- ties between men and women in the follwoing dimensions. A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth,Knowledge as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and higher gross Enrolment ratio.
A decent standard of living as measured by estimated earned income (PPP$)
Calculation of GDI. The calculation of the GDI involves three steps, first female and male indices in each dimensions are calculated according to the following formula.
Dimension Index:
ActualvalueMinimumvalue MaximumvalueMinimumvalue Second, the female and male indices in each dimen- sion are combined in a way that penalizes differences in achievement between men and women: The resulting index, is calculated according to the following formula:
Equally distributed index= [{female population share (female index1-)) + male population share (male index 1- )}]1-Equally distributed index [{female population share (female index 1)} + {male population share (male index-1)}]-1 Which gives the harmonic mean of the female and male indices. Their, the GDI is calculated by combining the three equally distributed indices in an unweighed average.
Dimension Index = Actual value – Minimum value/Maximum value – Minimum value .
The HDI is calculated as a simple average of the dimension indices.
For broad comparison, countries are classified under 4 groups on the basis of HDI value: 1. Very high Human development (HDI value > 0.9) 2. High Human Development (HDI value 0.8 to 0.9) Two years ago the countries with HDI values > 0.8 were termed High Human development)
UNDP HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX – 2022
India has been ranked 132 out of 191 countries in the recently released Human Development Report 2021-22 by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Last year the country was ranked 131st. This year’s report is titled “Uncertain Times, Unsettled Lives: Shaping Our Future in acan be attributed to falling life expectancy at birth.Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: India’s GNP per capita (2017 PPP) at $6,590.